Households Income in 2021: Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The aim of the study is to assess the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incomes of households located in various national economies in 2021. The survey of representatives of the economically active adult population (18-64 years old) was conducted in 47 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America within the framework of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project. The development of mathematical models included the construction of normal distribution density functions in accordance with the authors' methodology. It was proved that almost half of the households (46.6%) had a certain decrease in household income due to the pandemic. Slightly less (45.6%) was the proportion of households in which the income remained stable. An absolute minority (7.8%) of households experienced income growth. © 2022 Universidad Católica de Colombia.

The exit of businesses in 47 countries during 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic led many entrepreneurs to exit their business, and it is relevant to study their opinion about the effect of the pandemic on their decision to end their activity. This study assesses the views of those entrepreneurs based on surveys conducted in 47 countries in 2021 for the Global Monitoring of Entrepreneurship report. It evaluates four indicators that summarize the positive and negative reasons for exit. 58% of entrepreneurs ended their activity for negative reasons unrelated to the pandemic. Nearly 24% were forced to close of business be-cause of the negative effects of the pandemic. Only one in six of these entrepreneurs cited positive reasons for going out of business. © 2022, Universidad Externado de Colombia. All rights reserved.

Features o f the Termination of Their Activities by Entrepreneurs in 2020

Motivation: Due to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses, the study of this problem in different countries is relevant. Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess the reasons for the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses in national economies in 2020. Approach: The assessment of five indicators characterizing the opinions of entrepreneurs who have left their businesses about the positive and negative reasons was considered. In addition, an assessment was made of the share of entrepreneurs who stopped working due to the influence of COVID-19 in the total number of economically active population in 2020. The initial data were the results of a survey of the economically active population in 39 countries during the implementation of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project. Five indicators were evaluated using the density functions of the normal distribution. Results: It is proved that the share of people who stopped entrepreneurial activity in 2020 amounted to about 6 percent of the total economically active population on average in the countries under consideration. It is shown that 0.7 percent of the total economically active population stopped entrepreneurial activity for positive reasons. It is proved that about five out of every six entrepreneurs who have gone out of business have stopped their activities for negative reasons. It is shown that about one-third of entrepreneurs who left their business in 2020 for negative reasons did so due to the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. Conclusion: The results of our research have a certain theoretical and practical significance for governments, entrepreneurs, and the economically active population. The methodological approach presented in the article can be used to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses in 2021. Consistency: The pandemic has significantly increased the risks and uncertainty in the activities of entrepreneurs, so the new knowledge gained is of interest to a wide range of government organizations and entrepreneurs in various countries.

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on household income: Results of a survey of the economically active population

The aim of the study is to assess the current impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of household income in modern national economies according to data for 2020. The assessment of five indicators that characterize the opinions of adults living in different countries about a strong decrease, a small decrease, preservation, a small increase and a strong increase in their income in 2020 was considered. The initial data were the results of a survey of the economically active population in 43 countries, in the process of implementing the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project. The five indicators were evaluated using the density functions of the normal distribution. It is proved that for the majority (53%) of households, due to the pandemic, there was a decrease in household income. It shows the preservation of income in a significant (40%) number of households in the countries under consideration. It is shown that the increase in income in 2020 was observed only in a small number (less than 4%) of households. It is proved that the values of each of the five indicators under consideration had a significant differentiation by country. The results of our work have a certain theoretical and practical significance for governments and the economically active population. The methodological approach presented in the article can be used to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on household income in 2021. © 2022 Iuliia Pinkovetskaia, published by Sciendo.

Information and communication technologies in distance education for improving competence of students in the university

The objective of the study was to develop and implement modern information and communication technologies in the online learning process of university students. The subject of the study is the modernization of the educational process based on communicative competence in distance education. The sociological survey carried out showed the high effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The article presents the practical foundations of the application of information and communication technology in the implementation of distance education in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of the study made it possible to develop modern means of information and communication, including video and remote-controlled complexes.